The Science
Medicine grounded in evidence, not hype.
A readable map of published GLP-1, peptide, NAD+ biology, metabolic and sexual-wellness research, with direct links to the studies our clinicians care about.
Evidence standard
We separate signal from certainty.
This page is built for physician review and verification: human trial evidence first, preclinical evidence clearly labeled. Every study card links out to the published record.
29
linked publications
6
therapy areas
2
evidence categories
Human trial evidence
Randomized trials and long-term outcome studies carry the most weight when a protocol has direct clinical data.
Preclinical evidence
Animal or in vitro findings are labeled as preclinical and are not presented as proven human benefits.
Biological rationale
How these therapies and cofactors act in the body.
Peptide signaling
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that relay precise instructions between cells and tissues, forming an essential part of how the body's physiology functions.
Compounded precision
Every dose is compounded in 503A and 503B licensed U.S. pharmacies, sterility-tested and calibrated to your individual labs and goals, not a one-size mass-market SKU.
Evidence-led
Protocols draw on peer-reviewed endocrinology, regenerative-medicine and longevity literature, then narrow decisions through physician review.
Published studies
The literature behind the protocols.
These are not marketing claims. They are starting points for physician review, therapeutic regimen selection and risk discussion. When human trials exist, they are listed before supporting review or preclinical literature.
Metabolic care
GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor evidence
Human randomized trials anchor the metabolic program. These studies cover weight, cardiometabolic endpoints and ASCVD-risk context, supporting why physician review, dose adjustment and monitoring matter.
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
New England Journal of Medicine, 2022
SURMOUNT-1 randomized trial in adults with obesity or overweight.
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
New England Journal of Medicine, 2021
STEP 1 randomized trial of semaglutide 2.4 mg plus lifestyle intervention.
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity
New England Journal of Medicine, 2023
Phase 2 trial of a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist.
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes
New England Journal of Medicine, 2023
SELECT cardiovascular outcomes trial in adults with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease.
Repair and recovery
Soft-tissue, wound and connective-tissue literature
This category is mostly preclinical. We surface that distinction clearly because animal and cell data are not the same as human outcome trials.
Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2003
Rat Achilles tendon model with biomechanical, functional and histologic endpoints.
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 improves ligament healing in the rat
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2010
Rat medial collateral ligament healing study.
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing
Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021
Review of wound-healing findings and proposed biological rationale.
BPC-157 as an Investigational Peptide Therapeutic
Pharmaceutics, 2026
Review of formulation challenges and translational development barriers.
Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157 in rats and dogs
Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022
Preclinical ADME study that included beagle dogs; useful for veterinary research context, not evidence of approved pet treatment.
Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157, a potential drug for treating various wounds
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2020
Toxicology program in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs; relevant to companion-animal research questions but still preclinical.
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018
Review of gene-expression, tissue remodeling and protective biology.
In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by GHK-Cu in rat wounds
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1993
Classic in vivo wound-chamber model.
Metabolic cofactor
NAD+ biology and human cofactor literature
NAD+ is a real physiological molecule and metabolic cofactor, not a peptide. The literature here separates human NAD+ precursor studies from preclinical and biology-focused work.
NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2021
Biology review of NAD+ in metabolism, DNA repair, sirtuins and PARPs.
NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration
Science, 2015
Review of NAD+ biology across aging and neurodegenerative pathways.
NAD+ Precursors in Human Health and Disease
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2023
Review of human NAD+ precursor safety, NAD+ level changes and efficacy questions.
Dietary Supplementation With NAD+-Boosting Compounds in Humans
Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 2023
Human-focused review noting that clinical functional benefits remain unclear.
Endocrine body composition
Growth-hormone axis and body-composition evidence
Growth-hormone-axis protocols draw from specific endocrine trials and are narrowed through physician review of symptoms, risks, goals and monitoring needs.
Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients
JAMA, 2014
Randomized clinical trial evaluating visceral and liver fat endpoints.
Effects of tesamorelin in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation
JAIDS, 2010
Randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension.
Sexual wellness
Melanocortin and hormone-informed care
Sexual-wellness protocols require careful evaluation of regimen fit. The evidence here is strongest for bremelanotide in premenopausal women with acquired generalized HSDD.
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2019
Two randomized phase 3 RECONNECT trials.
Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies
Journal of Women's Health, 2022
Subgroup analysis across age, weight, BMI and hormonal-contraceptive status.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for HSDD
Journal of Women's Health, 2019
Open-label extension after the 24-week double-blind RECONNECT phase.
Hormone care
Testosterone and menopausal hormone-therapy literature
Hormone protocols are evaluated around symptoms, labs, route, age, risk factors and follow-up. These papers highlight both potential benefit and the need for individualized prescribing.
Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men
New England Journal of Medicine, 2016
NIH-funded Testosterone Trials report on sexual function, physical function, vitality and safety signals.
Rethinking Menopausal Hormone Therapy: For Whom, What, When, and How Long?
Circulation, 2023
Review focused on timing, route, cardiovascular risk and individualized menopausal hormone therapy.
Clinical translation
Evidence is the beginning of care, not the endpoint.
What the literature can do
It defines biological rationale, expected benefit, known adverse effects, contraindications and monitoring requirements.
What your clinician still decides
Whether a therapy fits your history, labs, medications, goals and state-specific prescribing requirements.
How dosing is approached
Physicians drive the protocol. When clinically appropriate, treatment may start at a minimum dose to assess tolerability before dose changes are considered.
What makes results interpretable
Expectations are benchmarked against a realistic timeline, and medications are paired with diet, exercise or tissue-specific rehabilitation where that is part of the therapeutic rationale.
A careful note
Published does not always mean proven for every patient.
Some therapies have large human trials; others have mainly biology-focused, preclinical or review literature. Pacific RX presents this page as education, not a guarantee of treatment, outcome or prescription.
Browse protocolsHow to read the cards
- Human randomized trials are strongest for patient-facing outcome claims.
- Preclinical studies help explain biological plausibility, not guaranteed human results.
- Review papers help clinicians see patterns, gaps and safety questions across the field.
Retatrutide articles
A closer look at the triple-agonist literature.
Retatrutide is investigational. These articles are included for education and clinical context, not as a guarantee of access, approval or prescribing.
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity
New England Journal of Medicine, 2023
Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes
The Lancet, 2023
Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Nature Medicine, 2024
Retatrutide showing promise in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Efficacy and safety of retatrutide for obesity treatment
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 2025
Retatrutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2026
See which protocol fits your biology.
Start with the protocol overview, then complete intake when you are ready for a clinician to review your history.
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